MONOPOLY

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INTRODUCTION

Monopoly is multiplayer board game. In this game, players roll two dice to move around the track of game board, buying and trading characteristics and developing them with houses. Players collect money as a rent from opponents and aim to drive them into bankruptcy. Money can also be lost or gained through community chest cards and tax squares. Players receive salary every time they pass GO and can end in jail, from which they can’t move until they met some conditions. House rules, hundreds of different editions, many spins-off, and media exist.

Monopoly has become most popular international culture, having licensed locally in more than 103 countries and printed in more than 37 different languages. As in 2015, it was estimated that the game had sol about 275 million copies in whole world.

DERIVATION

Monopoly is derived from the landlord’s game which is created by Lizzie Maggie in US (united states) in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that economy that rewards individual or player is better than one where monopolies hold all the wealth and promote the economic theories of henry George. The Landlord’s game had two set of rules, one with tax and other on which the current rules are based. In 1935, when parker brothers firstly published monopoly, the game didn’t include less capitalistic tax rules, resulting more aggressive game. In 1991, Parkers brothers was immersed into Hasbro.

HISTORY OF MONOPOLY

The history of monopoly can be tracked back to 1903, when Lizzie Magie created game that she hoped would explain the theory of henry George. It was intended as educational tool, to illustrate negative aspects of concentrating land in private. In 1904, she took out a patent. Her game, names as landlord’s game, was self-published, in 1906.

Magie created two set of rules: an anti-monopolist set in which all were rewarded and monopolist set in which main purpose was to create the monopolies and crush opponents. Numerous board games were developed based on this concept, from 1906 to 1930s; they involved both the process of buying land for development and sale of any undeveloped property. Cardboard houses were added, rents increased as they were added to the property. In 1923, the Magie patented this game again.

1936__1970

Parker brothers began licensing game for sale outside US in 1936. British secret intelligence service in 1941, had john Waddington Ltd, the licensed manufacturer of game in UK, create edition for World War 2. Hidden inside the games were compasses, maps, real money, and other objects that are useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by fake organizations which is created by British Secret Service.

1970__1980s

In 1973, Ralph Anspach, economy professor, published anti-monopoly and was sued for trademark infringement by parker brothers in 1974. Anspach won in 1979 as 9^th circuit court determined it generic and unenforceable. The United States supreme court declined to hear this case, allowing the appellate court to stand. This decision was overturned with passage of law 98-620. With this, parker brothers and their company, Hasbro, continue to hold trademarks for monopoly. Anti-monopoly was exempted from law and Anspach reached settlement with Hasbro and markets his game under the license.

OFFICIAL SHORT RULES

From 1936, the booklet of rules included with monopoly set contained a short section at end providing rules for marketing game shorter, including dealing with two title deed cards to each player before starting the game by ending the game after 2^nd player goes bankrupt. A later version of rules included a variant, along with time limit game, in main rules booklet, omitting the last, second method of bankruptcy, as a third short game.

JAIL

The player is sent to the jail for doing any of the following:

·       Landing directly on “GO to jail” space

·       Throwing three consecutive doubles in single turn

·       Drawing a “GO (directly) to jail” card from chance or community chest

Some of properties of monopoly market include single seller, entry barriers, price inelastic demand and lack of substitutes. Monopoly also ensures a continual supply of essential products and service. It also gains control over the entire industry, which means that single business governs all distribution, production and pricing involved with products that industry provide.