INDOOR GAME: CHESS!
CHESS
Today, chess is one of
most popular game played by millions of people worldwide.
Chess is a board game
of two players, called white and black, each controlling an army of chess
pieces, with the objective to checkmate the opponent’s king. It is also called
international or western chess to distinguish it from related games, xiangqi (Chinese
chess) and shogi (Japanese chess).
HISTORY
The history of chess goes back at least the
emergence of related game, chaturanga, in 17th century in India.
Organized chess arose in 19th century. Texts referring to origin of
chess are written in Pahlavi and Harsha Charita, in Sanskrit. One of these
texts, chatrang-namak, represents the earliest accounts of chess. The narrator
bozorgmehr describes the chatrang “chess” in Pahlavi, was introduced by
dewasarm to Persia.
The oldest known chess
was in Arabic, written by al-adli-ar-Rumi, a renowned Arab chess player, titled
kitab ash-Shatranj. The earliest form of chess was known in India as caturanga,
four divisions- infantry, cavalry, elephants and chariotry, represented by
pieces that later evolve into modern pawn, knight, bishop and rook,
respectively.
Chatrang was taken up
by Muslims after the Islamic conquest of Persia. In Spanish Shatranj was known
as ajedrez in Portuguese it was rendered as xadrez and Greek as zatrikion,
which comes directly from persiana chatrang but in rest of world it was
replaced by versions of Persian shah (“king”). The word checkmate is derived
from Persian shah mat (“king is dead”).
The xiangqi is
form of chess best known in China. The word xiangqi was used in China to refer
a game from 569 A.D. that was not directly related to chess.
RULES
The rules of chess emerged
in Europe at the end of 15th century, with the standardization
acceptance by end of 19th century.
The rules of chess are
published by FIDE (international chess federation). Rules published by national
governing bodies or by chess organization, publishers.
MOVEMENT
Chess pieces are
divided into two sets. Light and dark colored referred to white and black,
respectively. Each set consist up of 16 pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks,
two bishops, two knights, and 8 pawns.
White moves first,
after that player alternate turns, moving piece per turn. A piece is moved to either
an unoccupied square or one occupied by opponent’s piece, which is captured any
removed from play. With the exception of passant, all pieces captured by moving
to square that opponent’s piece occupy. Moving is compulsory a player may not
skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.
Directions
The king moves one
square in any direction. There is also special move called castling that
involves moving the king and a rook.
A rook can move any
number of squares along the rank but cannot leap over other pieces. Rook is
also involved in castling move.
A bishop can move any
number of squares diagonally; ut cannot leap over other pieces.
A queen combines the
power of rook and bishop and can move any number of squares along a rank.
A knight moves to any
closest squares that are not on same rank or diagonal.
END OF GAME
WIN
A game can be by following ways:
Checkmate: the king is
in check and player has no any legal move.
Resignation: a player
may resign. If, however, opponent has no way of checkmating the resigned
player, then this is a draw under FIDE laws.
Win on time: in games
having time control, a player wins if opponent runs out of time, even if opponent
has superior position.
Forfeit: a player who
cheats, violets the rules can be forfeited. Occasionally both players are forfeited.
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